fricative₁

Synonym(s)

Related Term(s)

Type(s) of

Sources

• MacKay 1989 151 (also "constrictive"), 171

  MACKAY, Ian. (1989) Phonetics and Speech Science. A Bilingual Dictionary. Dictionnaire Bilingue de la Phonétique et des Sciences de la Parole. New York/Bern: Peter Lang.

• ONISHI 1981 209-211

  ONISHI, Masao. (1981) A Grand Dictionary of Phonetics. Tokyo: The Phonetic Society of Japan. 

• PALMATIER 1972 59

  PALMATIER, Robert A. (1972) A Glossary for English Transformational Grammar. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

• AKMAJIAN etal. 1984 110

  AKMAJIAN, Adrian, DEMERS, Richard A., & HARNISH, Robert M. (1984) Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, 2nd Ed. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

• HARTMANN & STORK 1972 90 (= close approximant)

  HARTMANN, R.R.K. & STORK, F.C. (1972) Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London: Applied Science Publishers.

• LYONS 1971 104

  LYONS, John. (1971) Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: University Press. 

• HOCK 1986 13-14

  HOCK, Hans Henrich. (1986) Principles of Historical Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

• Clark & Clark 1977 181

  CLARK, Herbert H. & Eve V. (1977) Psychology and Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich.

• COLLINGE 1990 12

  COLLINGE, N. E. (1990) An Encyclopaedia of Language. London: Routledge.

• TRASK 1996 151

  TRASK, R. L. (1996) A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. London: Routledge. 

• WALES 1989 193-194

  WALES, Katie. (1989) A Dictionary of Stylistics. London: Longman. 

• ELL 3064

  The Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics. (1994) Oxford: Pergamon Press.

• MARTINET 1964[trans.] 49

  MARTINET, André. (1964 [trans.]) Elements of General Linguistics. Chicago: University of Chicago. 

• SAUSSURE 1959[trans.] 46

  SAUSSURE, Ferdinand de. (1959 [trans.]) Course in General Linguistics. Trans. by Wade Baskin. New York: Philosophical Library.

• PEI & GAYNOR 1954 77

  PEI, Mario A. & GAYNOR, Frank. (1954) A Dictionary of Linguistics. New York : Philosophical Library.

• Dell 1980[trans.] 42-43

  DELL, François. (1980 [trans.]) Generative Phonology. Trans. By Catherine Cullen.  Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 

• FINCH 2000 58

  FINCH, Geoffrey. (2000) Linguistic Terms and Concepts. New York: St. Martin's Press.

• CRYSTAL 2003 189-190

  CRYSTAL, David. (2003) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 5th Ed Oxford: Blackwell.

• RICHARDS etal. 1992 148

  RICHARDS, Jack, PLATT, J. & WEBER, H. (1992) Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. London: Longman.