arbitrary

Synonym(s)

Antonym(s)

Sources

• LYONS 1977 70

  LYONS, John. (1977) Semantics. Vols. 1 & 2. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

• BEAUGRANDE & DRESSLER 1981 148

  BEAUGRANDE, Robert de & DRESSLER, Wolfgang. (1981) Introduction to Text Linguistics. London: Longman.

• MARTINET 1962 88

  MARTINET, André. (1962) A Functional View of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

• NASH 1968 15

  NASH, Rose. (1968) Multilingual Lexicon of Linguistics and Philology: English, Russian, German, French. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press. 

• ES 32

  Encyclopedia of Semiotics. (1998) Oxford: Oxford University Press.

• Ducrot & Todorov 1979[trans.] 131

  DUCROT, Oswald and TODOROV, Tzvetan. (1979 [trans.]) Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Sciences of Language. Trans. by Catherine Porter. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 

• CRYSTAL 2003 31 (also "arbitrary reference")

  CRYSTAL, David. (2003) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 5th Ed Oxford: Blackwell.

• FINCH 2000 6

  FINCH, Geoffrey. (2000) Linguistic Terms and Concepts. New York: St. Martin's Press.